Summary of Welfare Pluralism and a Policy Window in Refugee Policies: The Emergence and Proliferation of Community Sponsorship in Europe, 2013–2023
This paper examines the emergence and expansion of community sponsorship in Europe between 2013 and 2023, showing how rising displacement and recurring refugee crises created policy windows for adoption. It highlights that successful uptake depended not on crises alone, but on policy entrepreneurs, political leadership, and public framing that positioned community sponsorship as a legitimate, flexible solution. Rather than replicating the Canadian model, European states adapted it in diverse ways shaped by welfare pluralism, political context, and risk management, demonstrating that ideology alone does not determine adoption and that small-scale, controlled pilots enabled broader acceptance across the political spectrum.
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